Peated Whisky

Producing whisky is relatively simple in theory. It requires only a few ingredients to make, but as we know, the end results can vary widely thanks to the subtle variations in wood, yeast and malted barley. The malting process of the barley can have a huge impact on the flavour of the whisky, particularly when peat comes into play.

Of course, these days we have modern, automated methods to malt the barley but back in the day, the process was carried out on a malting floor, the barley soaked with water and heated to trick the grain into thinking it’s springtime and to start growing. Then, at precisely the right moment, just before the barley starts to sprout consuming those precious sugars, the malt is transferred to a kiln and a fire is lit to generate enough heat to stop the germination process in its tracks.

Peat has been used as an energy source in Scotland for centuries, and it was quite normal for it to be used to fire the kilns up until coal, coke and other fuel sources became more commonly available for use. However, not all distilleries made the switch, particularly those on Islay and Orkney, their remoteness meant it was simply far easier to use the local peat than to import fuel from elsewhere.

Considered a “slowly renewable fossil fuel”, peat forms when partially decomposed plant material, including moss, roots and grass sits in constantly wet conditions for thousands of years, growing at approximately 1mm a year. If left long enough, it will turn to coal, but we’ve got a better use for it right now. You see, it burns, and it burns rather well. First, the peat is cut into bricks and set aside to dry. Once dry, the peat bricks can be used to fire the kiln, and this is when the magic happens. Not only does the burning peat create a great amount of heat, it also produces rather a lot of aromatic smoke. The aromas from the smoke permeate the barley, the phenols adding considerable amounts of “peatiness” to the barley.

These phenols are measured in parts per million (PPM), which is an indication of how many phenols are in the malt itself prior to fermentation and distillation, and not necessarily the finished whisky. That said, knowing the PPM of the peated malt is enough to give you a fairly decent idea as to the peatiness of the whisky it’s produced. PPM numbers can range from as low as 2-20 PPM for a lightly to moderately peated whisky, 30-100 PPM for a heavily peated whisky, and from there, anything up to and over 300 PPM for the real peat monsters.

Peaty: Lightly Peated Whisky

For a lightly to moderately peated whisky, you’re best looking to the Highlands, the peat there is less aromatic, providing a much subtler experience. That’s not to say Islay can’t do soft smoke, so check out the Bunnahabhain 12 Year Old, which comes in at a barely peated 3 PPM.

Peaty: Heavily Peated Whisky

A great place to start your journey into heavily peated whisky is Lagavulin. Made with malt peated to 35 PPM by Port Ellen Maltings, using peat from the famous Castlehill Peat Bog on Islay, it’s enough to get that satisfying campfire smokiness, without being too overbearing. The effects of peat tend to diminish with age, meaning the Lagavulin 8 Year Old can tend to be a little stronger on the peat, despite using the same 35 PPM malt as Lagavulin’s 16 Year Old, a whisky which has gone on to become one of the world’s best loved Islay whiskies and a staple on many whisky drinkers’ shelves. Another brand to look for is Ardbeg, from the Islay region in Scotland. 

Peatiest: Super Heavily Peated Whisky

For something that takes the peat to the next level, the obvious choice has to be Bruichladdich’s Octomore range. Named after the old Octomore Distillery and Octomore farm where the barley used is grown, this experimental range has seen some extremely high PPM barley used, and thus garnered somewhat of a cult following. A new series is released each year, consisting of a range of whiskies of different ages, maturations, and PPM. The daddy of them all was released in 2018 – the 5 year old Octomore 8.3 came in at a whopping 309.1 PPM, the highest PPM ever at the time. This is one seriously smoky whisky, so if you ever get the chance to give it a try, we’d recommend leaving this one to the end of your tasting session.